With actual code farewell OS module, experience Python file operation new posture!

Compared with the commonly used  os.path for ,pathlib  The operation of directory path is more brief and closer to  Pythonic. But it's not just about simplifying operations , There's more to it .

pathlib  yes Python Built in Library ,Python The document defines it as ：The pathlib module – object-oriented filesystem paths( Object oriented file system path )

pathlib  Provide a class that represents the path to the file system , Its semantics apply to different operating systems .

For more details, please refer to the official documents ：

https://docs.python.org/3/library/pathlib.html#methods

Many people study python, I don't know where to start .
Many people study python, After mastering the basic grammar , I don't know where to look for cases to start .
A lot of people who have done cases , But I don't know how to learn more advanced knowledge .
So for these three kinds of people , I will provide you with a good learning platform , Get a free video tutorial , electronic text , And the source code of the course ！
QQ Group ：1156465813

  One 、Path The basic use of classes

Here is Get the file name 、 Get the file name except the suffix 、 Get file suffix 、 Return to one iterable Contains all parent directories And so on

from pathlib import Path
path = r'D:\python\pycharm2020\program\pathlib Basic use of modules .py'
p = Path(path)
print(p.name)       #  Get the file name
print(p.stem)       #  Get the file name except the suffix
print(p.suffix)     #  Get file suffix
print(p.parent)     #  amount to dirname
print(p.parent.parent.parent)
print(p.parents)    #  Return to one iterable  Contains all parent directories
for i in p.parents:
    print(i)
print(p.parts)      #  The path is divided into a tuple by a separator

The operation results are as follows ：

pathlib Basic use of modules .py
pathlib Basic use of modules
.py
D:\python\pycharm2020\program
D:\python
<WindowsPath.parents>
D:\python\pycharm2020\program
D:\python\pycharm2020
D:\python
D:\
('D:\\', 'python', 'pycharm2020', 'program', 'pathlib Basic use of modules .py')

• Path.cwd() Returns the path object representing the current directory
• Path.home() Returns the path object representing the user's home directory
• Path.expanduser() Returns... With extension ~user A new path to construction

from pathlib import Path
path_1 = Path.cwd()       #  Get current file path
path_2 = Path.home()
p1 = Path('~/pathlib Basic use of modules .py')
print(path_1)
print(path_2)
print(p1.expanduser())

The operation results are as follows ：

D:\python\pycharm2020\program
C:\Users\Administrator
C:\Users\Administrator\pathlib Basic use of modules .py

Path.stat() Returns an object whose operating system statistics contain information about this path

from pathlib import Path
import datetime
p = Path('pathlib Basic use of modules .py')
print(p.stat())            #  Get file details
print(p.stat().st_size)    #  The byte size of the file
print(p.stat().st_ctime)   #  File creation time
print(p.stat().st_mtime)   #  Last time the file was modified
creat_time = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(p.stat().st_ctime)
st_mtime = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(p.stat().st_mtime)
print(f' The file was created on ：{creat_time}')
print(f' Last time the file was modified ：{st_mtime}')

The operation results are as follows ：

os.stat_result(st_mode=33206, st_ino=3659174698076635, st_dev=3730828260, st_nlink=1, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=543, st_atime=1597366826, st_mtime=1597366826, st_ctime=1597320585)
543
1597320585.7657475
1597366826.9711637
The file was created on ：2020-08-13 20:09:45.765748
Last time the file was modified ：2020-08-14 09:00:26.971164

From different .stat().st_ attribute The time stamp returned represents from 1970 year 1 month 1 The number of seconds in the day , It can be used datetime.fromtimestamp Convert timestamps into useful time formats .

• Path.exists() Whether the path exists in an existing file or directory
• Path.resolve(strict=False) Make the path absolute , Resolve any symbolic links . Returns a new path object

from pathlib import Path
p1 = Path('pathlib Basic use of modules .py')          #  file
p2 = Path(r'D:\python\pycharm2020\program')   #  Folder  
absolute_path = p1.resolve()
print(absolute_path)
print(Path('.').exists())
print(p1.exists(), p2.exists())
print(p1.is_file(), p2.is_file())
print(p1.is_dir(), p2.is_dir())
print(Path('/python').exists())
print(Path('non_existent_file').exists())

The operation results are as follows ：

D:\python\pycharm2020\program\pathlib Basic use of modules .py
True
True True
True False
False True
True
False

• Path.iterdir() When the path points to a directory , Will generate the contents of the directory path object

from pathlib import Path
p = Path('/python')
# python Files in directory
for child in p.iterdir():
    print(child)

The operation results are as follows ：

\python\Anaconda
\python\EVCapture
\python\Evernote_6.21.3.2048.exe
\python\Notepad++
\python\pycharm-community-2020.1.3.exe
\python\pycharm2020
\python\pyecharts-assets-master
\python\pyecharts-gallery-master
\python\Sublime text 3

• Path.glob(pattern)Glob This path represents the relative pattern given in the directory , Generate all matching files （ Any kind of ）,** Pattern Represents recursively this directory and all subdirectories . let me put it another way , It supports recursive globalization .
• Note  Use... In large directory trees  ** Pattern It can take a lot of time

Recursively traverse all the files in this directory , Get all that matches pattern The file of , Return to one generator.

Here are some common operation code , Take it and use it

Get all the files in the directory .py file

from pathlib import Path
path = r'D:\python\pycharm2020\program'
p = Path(path)
file_name = p.glob('**/*.py')
print(type(file_name))   # <class 'generator'>
for i in file_name:
    print(i)

Get all the files in the directory .jpg picture

from pathlib import Path
path = r'D:\python\pycharm2020\program'
p = Path(path)
file_name = p.glob('**/*.jpg')
print(type(file_name))   # <class 'generator'>
for i in file_name:
    print(i)

Get all... In the given directory .txt file 、.jpg Pictures and .py file

from pathlib import Path
def get_files(patterns, path):
    all_files = []
    p = Path(path)
    for item in patterns:
        file_name = p.rglob(f'**/*{item}')
        all_files.extend(file_name)
    return all_files
path = input('>>> Please enter the file path ：')
results = get_files(['.txt', '.jpg', '.py'], path)
print(results)
for file in results:
    print(file)

About Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False)  Explanation

• Create a new directory on the given path . If you specify mode, It will be associated with the process of umask Value combination , To determine the file mode and access flag . If the path already exists , The cause FileExistsError.
• If parents Parameter set to True, Any missing parents of this path will be created as needed ; They are created with default permissions , Instead of thinking about patterns （ imitation POSIX mkdir-p command ）.
• If the parent is False（ The default value is ）, The absence of a parent causes FileNotFoundError.
• If exist_ok by False（ The default value is ）, If the target directory already exists FileExistsError.
• If exist_ok by True, Will ignore  FileExistsError  abnormal （ And POSIX mkdir-p The behavior of the command is the same ）, But only if the last path component is not an existing non directory file .

In version 3.5 Change in ： Added exist_ok Parameters .

Path.rmdir()： Delete this directory , Directory must be empty .

from pathlib import Path
p = Path(r'D:\python\pycharm2020\program\test')
p.mkdir()
p.rmdir()

from pathlib import Path
p = Path(r'D:\python\test1\test2\test3')
p.mkdir(parents=True)  # If parents is true, any missing parents of this path are created as needed
p.rmdir()    #  Delete test3 Folder

from pathlib import Path
p = Path(r'D:\python\test1\test2\test3')
p.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

• Path.unlink()(missing_ok=False)： Delete this file or symbolic link . If the path points to a directory , Please use Path.rmdir（） Instead of . If missing_ok by False（ The default value is ）, When the path does not exist FileNotFoundError. If missing_ok by true, Will ignore FileNotFoundError abnormal . In version 3.8 Change in ： Added missing “ determine ” Parameters .
• Path.rename()（target）： Rename this file or directory to the given destination , And return the new path instance to the target . stay Unix On , If the target exists and is a file , If the user has permission , It will be replaced without prompting . The target can be a string or other path object .
• Path.open(mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)： Open the file that the path points to , It's like the built-in open() The function is the same .

from pathlib import Path
p = Path('foo.txt')
p.open(mode='w').write('some text')
target = Path('new_foo.txt')
p.rename(target)
content = target.open(mode='r').read()
print(content)
target.unlink()

  Two 、 And os Comparison of module usage

   3、 ... and 、 Practical cases

For multi-layer folder reading , use os Modules can only read and retrieve files layer by layer , Write more than one for loop , The efficiency is not high , Now we can use  Path.glob(**/*)  Dafa , Let's take a practical example to experience its power .

The folder for testing is as follows ：

md The data in the file are as follows ：

Need to achieve Put all the md The data of the file is extracted , And clean it , And then write csv In file .

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
from pathlib import Path
import re
import pandas as pd
#  The incoming path
p = Path(r'.\ Microblog hot search data \ Hot search data /')
#  Get all the files in the directory  .md file
file_list = list(p.glob('**/*.md'))
print(f' Read md Number of documents ：{len(file_list)}')
for item in file_list:
 print(item)
#  There are two hot searches every day   11 spot   23 spot    There will be overlapping data    duplicate removal
filelist = list(filter(lambda x: str(x).find('23 spot ') >= 0, file_list))
sum_list = []
i = 0
for file in filelist:
 #  Go through each one md file     Reading data
 with file.open(encoding='utf-8') as f:
  lines = f.readlines()
 lines = [i.strip() for i in lines]   #  Remove empty characters
 data = list(filter(None, lines))     #  Remove the empty strings from the list
 data = data[1:101]
 con = data[::2]     #  Hot search content
 rank = data[1::2]   #  degree of heat
 date = re.findall(' year (.+)2', str(file)) * len(con)
 for m in range(len(con)):
  con[m] = con[m].split('、')[-1]   #  String manipulation
 for n in range(len(rank)):
  rank[n] = re.findall(r'\d+', rank[n])[0]
 con_dic = {' date ': date, ' Hot search content ': con, ' degree of heat ': rank}
 df = pd.DataFrame(con_dic)
 if i == 0:
  df.to_csv('weibo1.csv', mode='a+', index=False, header=True)
 else:
  df.to_csv('weibo1.csv', mode='a+', index=False, header=False)
 #  Every md In file 50 Data
 i += 50
print(' common {} Data written to csv'.format(i))

The operation effect is as follows ：

You can see that all of the items in this directory are successfully added md The data of the file is extracted , And clean it , And then I wrote csv In file .

Be careful ： If you're looking for python Well paid jobs . I suggest you write more about real enterprise projects and accumulate experience . Or you won't find a job , Of course, a lot of people have never been in a business , How can there be project experience ？ So you have to find more enterprise projects and practice more . If you're lazy and don't want to find , You can also enter my Python Circle of communication ：1156465813. There are some real enterprise project cases that I have written before in the group file . You can take it to study , If you don't understand, you can find me in your skirt , I'll answer you patiently when I have time .

 

The following is useless , For this blog to be crawled by search engines
(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)
python What is it Zero basis to learn python How long will it take? python Why is it called a reptile
python Novice reptile tutorial python Crawler universal code python How do reptiles make money
python Basic course Web crawler python python Classic examples of reptiles
python Reptiles
(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)(*￣︶￣)
The above is useless , For this blog to be crawled by search engines